A spa franchise is either a massage, facial or wax studio staffed by licensed therapists and estheticians, or a med spa whose medical treatments need clinician oversight: four 2025 to 2026 FDDs put opening budgets at $320,891 to $1,231,677.
Key takeaways
- Massage Envy’s Item 7 runs from $695,870 to $1,046,506, and leasehold improvements alone are $405,000 to $551,000 for 2,300 to 2,800 square feet (Massage Envy FDD, issued April 29, 2026, Item 7 and note 6).
- VIO Med Spa sells its “Spa” franchise only to a licensed medical professional or in a state that lets non-licensed owners run it; an unlicensed buyer gets a “Spa Management Business” that manages a clinician-run practice (VIO Med Spa FDD, issued April 28, 2025, Item 1).
- Texas says a massage establishment “may employ only licensed massage therapists” (Tex. Occ. Code 455.202(a)), and Florida makes it unlawful to let an unlicensed employee practice massage (Fla. Stat. 480.047(1)(c)).
- Percent-of-sales charges in Item 6 total 8% at Massage Envy, 9.00% at European Wax Center, 11% at Hand and Stone and 13.5% at VIO Med Spa, counting required marketing and local advertising (European Wax Center FDD, April 23, 2026, Item 6).
- Florida requires a separate Agency for Health Care Administration license for each clinic location (Fla. Stat. 400.991(1)(a)) and a named medical or clinic director (400.9935(1)), unless an exemption such as full ownership by licensed practitioners applies.
Which spa services need a license, and whose?
Every spa franchise menu sorts into three license groups. Massage needs a licensed massage therapist in Texas (Occupations Code 455.151) and Florida (Statutes 480.047); waxing, facials and peels need a licensed esthetician in what the European Wax Center FDD calls “most states”; injectables, lasers and IV therapy are medical acts that start with an evaluation by a physician, nurse practitioner or physician assistant. The group decides whether a lay owner can own and run the business directly.
All four franchisors put the compliance burden on the buyer in Item 1. Massage Envy writes that “only licensed therapists and aestheticians” may perform licensed services; Hand and Stone Massage and Facial Spa’s FDD (issued April 6, 2026, amended October 6, 2026) notes that some states “restrict the types of services and treatments massage therapists or estheticians can offer”; VIO Med Spa lists neurotoxin injectables, dermal fillers, laser hair removal and IV hydration among its 2025 services.
| Service group | Who performs it | Can an unlicensed owner own the operating unit? | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Therapeutic and hot stone massage, assisted stretch | Licensed massage therapist (Texas: 500-hour course; Florida: board-approved school and national exam) | Yes, with an establishment license where the state issues one | Massage Envy FDD Item 1; Tex. Occ. Code 455.156; Fla. Stat. 480.041(1) |
| Waxing, facials, chemical peels, microdermabrasion | Licensed esthetician in most states | Yes; European Wax Center’s format uses 5 to 6 waxing suites staffed by estheticians it calls wax specialists | European Wax Center FDD Item 1 and Item 7 note D |
| Neurotoxins, dermal fillers, lasers, IPL, PRP, IV hydration, hormone therapy | Physician, or an NP or PA “subject to proper supervision,” evaluates; others act on delegation | Only where the state allows it, or through a management company | VIO Med Spa FDD Item 1; Tex. Occ. Code 157.001 |
The flow above holds the same logic as the table: identify the service, name the license behind it, then pick the ownership structure. A menu that mixes groups, such as Hand and Stone’s 2026 list of massage, waxing and “face and body sculpting,” needs a check of each line against state rules before the lease is signed.
What do California, Texas and Florida require of a spa owner?
The three largest spa markets regulate the same services in three different ways. Texas licenses both the massage therapist and the massage establishment; Florida licenses both and adds a clinic license for medical services; California leaves massage businesses to cities and counties and bars corporations from holding “professional rights” in medicine under Business and Professions Code 2400.
| State | Massage studio rule | Medical service rule | Sections (opened) |
|---|---|---|---|
| California | Statewide certificate is voluntary (California Massage Therapy Council); establishments regulated by cities and counties | Corporations “shall have no professional rights, privileges, or powers”; unlicensed practice, and aiding it, is a public offense with a fine up to $10,000 | Bus. and Prof. Code 2400, 2052(a) and (b); camtc.org |
| Texas | License required for therapist and establishment; establishment may employ only licensed therapists | “Practicing medicine” includes charging compensation for treatment; physicians may delegate acts but stay responsible | Occ. Code 455.151, 455.156, 455.202; 151.002(a)(13); 157.001 |
| Florida | Establishment license; owner background screening; unlawful to employ an unlicensed therapist | Clinic license per location from AHCA, plus a medical or clinic director, unless an exemption applies | Fla. Stat. 480.041, 480.043, 480.047; 400.9905, 400.991, 400.9935 |
California
The California Massage Therapy Council, created under the 2014 Massage Therapy Act, describes its certificate as “voluntary certification that enables massage therapists to practice statewide” and states that it “does not regulate massage establishments,” which fall to cities and counties. A Hand and Stone or Massage Envy buyer in California therefore budgets for a local massage business permit whose terms change city by city.
The council’s statute, the Massage Therapy Act (Bus. and Prof. Code Chapter 10.5, enacted 2014), carried a January 1, 2026 repeal date. Assembly Bill 1504, as amended in the Senate on July 16, 2025, would keep the chapter in effect until January 1, 2030; confirm its final status at the Legislature’s site before relying on either date.
For a med spa, Section 2052 makes it a public offense to treat any “ailment, blemish, deformity” or “disfigurement” without a medical certificate, punishable by a fine of up to $10,000, and subsection (b) applies the same penalty to anyone who “aids or abets.” A lay owner who directs injectable treatments is the scenario that subsection reaches.
Texas
Occupations Code 455.151 bars anyone from acting as a massage therapist or massage establishment without a license, and Section 455.156 sets the therapist minimum at a 500-hour course, including 200 hours of technique with 125 of Swedish massage, 50 hours of anatomy and 25 of physiology. Section 455.152 makes individuals with listed Penal Code convictions ineligible to hold an establishment license.
On the medical side, Section 151.002(a)(13) defines practicing medicine to include treating a condition by a person who “directly or indirectly charges money or other compensation for those services.” Section 157.001 lets a physician delegate a medical act to a “qualified and properly trained person,” and subsection (b) keeps the delegating physician “responsible for the medical acts.”
Florida
Section 480.043(1) says no massage establishment may operate without a license, and subsection (2) screens the owner; where a corporation shows more than $250,000 of Florida business assets, the designated manager and each person directly involved in management are screened too. Section 480.041(1) requires each therapist to be at least 18 or hold a diploma, finish a board-approved school and pass a national exam.
Medical services add a second layer. Section 400.9905(4) defines a clinic as an entity where health care services are provided and “which tenders charges for reimbursement,” and exempts entities wholly owned by physicians or other licensed practitioners who supervise them. A non-exempt clinic needs an agency license for each location under Section 400.991(1)(a). Whether a cash-pay med spa falls inside the definition is a question to put to Florida health care counsel, with these three sections in hand.
How can a non-clinician own a med spa franchise?
VIO Med Spa’s April 28, 2025 FDD offers two structures. A “Spa” franchise, which sells treatments directly, is open only to a licensed medical professional or in a state that permits non-licensed owners. A “Spa Management Business” is “only offered to franchisees who are not licensed medical professionals” and earns management fees from clinicians who own and run the practice.
| Feature | VIO “Spa” | VIO “Spa Management Business” |
|---|---|---|
| Who may buy it | Licensed medical professional, or anyone in a state that permits non-licensed owners | Only franchisees who are not licensed medical professionals |
| Who sells the treatments | The franchisee’s spa | “Authorized Care Providers”: medical practices, professional corporations and licensed professionals |
| Franchisee revenue | Sales of Approved Spa Products and Services | Management and other fees paid by Authorized Care Providers |
| Key contract | Franchise Agreement | Franchise Agreement plus a Management Agreement (sample at Exhibit 9) reviewed by the buyer’s own healthcare attorney |
| Item 7 professional fees | $15,000 to $25,000; healthcare counsel must be retained “before signing any Franchise Agreement” (Item 7 note 10) | |
Item 1 of the VIO FDD frames the analysis around three areas: ownership, diagnosis and treatment, and delegation and supervision. It states that “under no circumstance” may an unlicensed owner “administer, control, influence, or direct” medical services, and Item 8 adds that the doctrine “restricts layperson-franchisees from dictating the medical equipment and supplies.”
That restriction sits beside a supply rule: VIO estimates that about 90% of a franchisee’s opening and ongoing purchases go to approved or designated sources (Item 8). A buyer running the management model needs the management agreement to say who chooses lasers and injectables, because the FDD reserves that choice for the clinicians.
What do four spa filings disclose, brand by brand?
The four filings below cover one waxing center, two massage and facial spas and one med spa, listed alphabetically. Franchise fees sit between $45,000 and $50,000 for a first unit, while Item 7 totals run from $320,891 to $1,231,677; space, build-out and equipment drive most of the gap.
| Brand (alphabetical) | FDD issued | Item 5 fee, first unit | Item 7 total | Space | Item 20 units, end of last year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| European Wax Center | April 23, 2026 | $45,000.00 ($36,000.00 existing franchisee) | $331,600.00 to $776,950.00 | 1,000 to 1,600 sq ft, 5 to 6 waxing suites | 1,042 franchised, 5 company (2025) | EWC FDD, Items 5, 7, 20 |
| Hand and Stone Massage and Facial Spa | April 6, 2026, amended October 6, 2026 | $49,500 (VetFran $39,600) | $320,891 to $864,729 | 2,200 to 3,200 sq ft | 600 franchised, 15 company (2025) | Hand and Stone FDD, Items 5, 7, 20 |
| Massage Envy | April 29, 2026 | $45,000 (VetFran $36,000) | $695,870 to $1,046,506 | 2,300 to 2,800 sq ft, 4+ dual-purpose rooms | 993 franchised, 0 company (2025) | Massage Envy FDD, Items 5, 7, 20 |
| VIO Med Spa | April 28, 2025 | $50,000 | $794,261 to $1,231,677 | 1,500 to 2,200 sq ft | 53 franchised, 3 company (2024) | VIO FDD, Items 5, 7, 20 |
Item 7 totals from four spa FDDs issued April 2025 to April 2026: the med spa’s high estimate, $1,231,677, is $185,171 above Massage Envy’s $1,046,506. Minnesota CARDS, accessed November 3, 2026.
European Wax Center’s low total of $331,600.00 uses the $36,000.00 fee for existing franchisees; a first-time buyer starts $9,000 higher. Hand and Stone’s Item 7 counts 9 months of additional funds ($25,000 to $100,000), against 3 months at the other three, and its leasehold estimate assumes a landlord contribution of $78,458 to $182,449 (Item 7 note 4). Our franchise fee guide explains what an Item 5 fee buys.
VetFran pricing differs by brand: Massage Envy cuts its fee by $9,000 for a veteran’s first unit, and Hand and Stone takes 20% off ($39,600). Our veteran franchise discount study compares these programs across filings.
Where does a treatment room budget differ from a massage room budget?
Build-out plus equipment is about 59% to 60% of the high Item 7 estimate at the three non-medical brands and 69.2% at VIO Med Spa. The difference is equipment: VIO’s furniture, fixtures and equipment line is $293,246 to $432,001, while Hand and Stone’s is $29,661 to $98,156 for a larger space.
| Item 7 line | European Wax Center | Hand and Stone | Massage Envy | VIO Med Spa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leasehold improvements | $147,000 to $386,000 | $132,310 to $423,538 | $405,000 to $551,000 | $240,000 to $420,000 |
| Furniture, fixtures, equipment | $18,000 to $74,000 | $29,661 to $98,156 | $32,100 to $74,600 (Initial Opening Package, incl. massage tables) | $293,246 to $432,001 |
| Computer and POS | $11,000 to $41,000 | $15,632 to $20,068 | $57,600 to $82,000 | $29,028 to $32,762 |
| Licenses and permits | $1,000 to $2,000 | $14,540 to $31,859 (incl. architectural fees) | $350 to $19,000 | $700 to $1,000 (excludes practitioners’ licenses) |
| Professional fees | $6,000 to $12,000 | $1,300 to $10,500 | $15,000 to $30,000 | $15,000 to $25,000 |
| Additional funds | $45,000 to $75,000 (3 months) | $25,000 to $100,000 (9 months) | $117,000 to $130,000 (3 months) | $40,000 to $120,000 (3 months) |
The worked arithmetic below adds the two largest lines and divides by the high Item 7 total, using only figures printed in each FDD.
| Brand | Leasehold high | Equipment high | Sum | Item 7 high | Share |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| European Wax Center | $386,000 | $74,000 | $460,000 | $776,950 | 59.2% |
| Hand and Stone | $423,538 | $98,156 | $521,694 | $864,729 | 60.3% |
| Massage Envy | $551,000 | $74,600 | $625,600 | $1,046,506 | 59.8% |
| VIO Med Spa | $420,000 | $432,001 | $852,001 | $1,231,677 | 69.2% |
VIO’s FF&E note assumes some equipment is leased and warns that buying it outright may cost more (Item 7 note 4), so a lease schedule for lasers and body contouring devices belongs in the pro forma next to rent. Our Item 7 research across 259 FDDs shows where these totals sit against other sectors.
How much of every sales dollar do the four contracts claim?
All four charge a 6% royalty. The difference sits in marketing: European Wax Center adds a 3.00% fund, Massage Envy a 2% national fund, Hand and Stone a 1% fund plus a 4% local advertising fee with a $400 weekly minimum, and VIO Med Spa a 1.5% brand fund plus a 6% local marketing spend that may drop to 4% after 24 months.
| Brand | Royalty | Fund | Local advertising or marketing | Total % of gross sales | Fixed technology charge | Transfer fee |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| European Wax Center | 6.00% | 3.00% | None separate | 9.00% | $310.00 monthly plus $100.00 yearly cyber | 20.00% of then-current franchise fee |
| Hand and Stone | 6% | 1% (up to 2%) | 4%, minimum $400 per week | 11% | $726 monthly plus $35 cyber | 50% of the initial franchise fee |
| Massage Envy | 6% | 2% (optional 2% supplemental fund not counted) | Regional co-op if no supplemental contribution | 8% | About $705 P4 plus $390 monthly | 2/3 of then-current initial fee |
| VIO Med Spa | 6% | 1.5% (up to 2%) | 6%, may drop to 4% after 24 months | 13.5% | Up to $200 monthly, not implemented | $10,000 |
Every brand charges a 6% royalty; marketing obligations take the totals to 8% (Massage Envy), 9.00% (European Wax Center), 11% (Hand and Stone) and 13.5% (VIO Med Spa). FDD Item 6, accessed November 3, 2026.
VIO’s 6% local marketing is money the franchisee spends in its own territory rather than pays to the franchisor (Item 6 remarks), so it is a budget line, not a fee. Our royalty rate study sets the 6% rate against the wider FDD sample. None of this comparison is legal, tax or investment advice for a spa purchase; the fee terms are those printed in each brand’s Item 6 and can change when a successor agreement is signed.
What does selling memberships and prepaid packages commit you to?
Each of the four systems sells memberships or prepaid services, and the contracts tie your unit to the whole network. Massage Envy members get “one massage or facial per month” for a monthly fee (Item 1), and Hand and Stone’s Franchise Agreement Section 10.1 makes every spa honor members “no matter where such membership was issued or purchased.”
| Brand | Program | What the FDD requires or warns | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| European Wax Center | Wax passes, gift cards, packages and membership plans | Some states regulate prepaid packages and their financing; franchisor knows of no state requiring a bond for this, but may require a surety bond for unredeemed wax passes at expiration or termination | EWC FDD Item 1 |
| Hand and Stone | Member and non-member program; gift cards, rewards, referrals | Must honor members from any spa; compensation for serving them set in the Manual; participation required | HS FDD Item 6; Franchise Agreement 10.1, 13.12 |
| Massage Envy | Monthly membership with one massage or facial per month | Franchisor may amend the program “in our sole discretion”; some states require a bond for a “health spa” | ME FDD Item 1; Item 7 note 9 |
| VIO Med Spa | Membership Program, month-to-month or six-month agreement | Members get discounts and, by level, base services at no added cost | VIO FDD Item 19 definitions |
Ask each franchisor for the Manual page that sets the reimbursement rate when a member from another unit books with you, because Hand and Stone’s Section 10.1 leaves that number to the Manual rather than the FDD. Ask a local attorney whether your state treats a monthly massage plan as a health club or prepaid service contract that needs registration or a bond.
What do Items 19 and 20 show about these four systems?
All four FDDs include an Item 19 financial performance representation, and none is quoted here under this site’s editorial rule. Item 20 Table 1 shows two systems shrinking and two growing over the latest reported year: Massage Envy went from 1,009 to 993 franchised units in 2025, European Wax Center from 1,062 to 1,042, Hand and Stone from 580 to 600, and VIO Med Spa from 29 to 53 in 2024.
| Brand | Year | Franchised start | Franchised end | Company-owned end | Item 19 present? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| European Wax Center | 2025 | 1,062 | 1,042 | 5 | Yes: Gross Sales quartiles for centers open all of fiscal 2025 |
| Hand and Stone | 2025 | 580 | 600 | 15 | Yes: 2025 calendar-year data from franchised and subsidiary-owned spas |
| Massage Envy | 2025 | 1,009 | 993 | 0 | Yes: fiscal 2025 for businesses reporting all 52 weeks |
| VIO Med Spa | 2024 | 29 | 53 | 3 | Yes: includes membership and service categories |
Hand and Stone’s 2023 franchised count rose by 40, of which 24 were conversions of existing spas (Item 20 note), and it waived the fee for 2025 converters (Item 5). To see what an owner could earn, read Item 19 of the current FDD alongside Item 6 fees and Item 7 costs; our FDD reading guide shows where each item sits.
Which spa format matches your license, space and cash?
Start with your license, then your space and cash. A non-clinician who wants to own the operating business outright points to a massage or wax studio; a physician, nurse practitioner or physician assistant can consider a med spa that sells treatments directly; an unlicensed buyer who wants injectables and lasers is looking at a management company, with a healthcare attorney engaged before signing (VIO Item 7 note 10).
| If this describes you | Then look at | Threshold or document to check |
|---|---|---|
| No clinical license; want to own and run the unit | Massage or wax studio (European Wax Center, Hand and Stone, Massage Envy) | State establishment license (Tex. Occ. Code 455.151; Fla. Stat. 480.043) |
| Physician, NP or PA, or a state that allows lay ownership | Med spa selling treatments directly (VIO “Spa”) | Supervision and delegation rules (Tex. Occ. Code 157.001); VIO Item 1 |
| No clinical license; want injectables and lasers | Management company (VIO “Spa Management Business”) | Healthcare counsel before signing (VIO Item 7 note 10); Management Agreement |
| Medical services in Florida, not wholly owned by licensed practitioners | Budget an AHCA clinic license per location | Fla. Stat. 400.9905(4), 400.991(1)(a), 400.9935(1) |
| Site of 1,000 to 1,600 sq ft | Waxing center format | European Wax Center Item 7 note D |
| Site of 2,200 to 3,200 sq ft | Massage and facial spa | Hand and Stone Item 7 note 2; Massage Envy Item 7 note 6 (2,300 to 2,800) |
| High-end Item 7 budget under $800,000 | European Wax Center ($776,950.00 high) | Hand and Stone tops out at $864,729; Massage Envy starts at $695,870 |
| Want a manager to run daily operations | Massage Envy or Hand and Stone | Massage Envy: Managing Owner with at least 20% plus full-time Business Manager (Item 15); Hand and Stone: Designated Manager (Item 15) |
A franchise consultant can narrow the brand list, but the license question goes to counsel. Before you sign any spa franchise agreement, work through these 7 steps in order:
- Receive the FDD at least 14 calendar days before signing or paying, as each of the four covers states.
- List every service on the brand’s menu and match it to your state’s statute: massage, esthetics or medicine.
- For any medical service, hire health care counsel first, and have them review the management agreement and supervision plan; our franchise attorney guide covers the franchise side of that review.
- Ask which Item 7 lines assume landlord money; Hand and Stone’s assumes $78,458 to $182,449.
- Get the Manual terms for serving members from other units and for prepaid package bonds in your state.
- Read three years of Item 20 Table 1 and the Item 19 notes in the current filing, not a summary.
- If you plan to buy an existing unit, price the transfer fee from Item 6 (from 20.00% of the fee at European Wax Center to $10,000 at VIO); our guide to buying a franchise for sale walks through the resale steps.
How we compiled this
We opened four Franchise Disclosure Documents filed with the Minnesota Department of Commerce CARDS system (issued April 2025 to April 2026, one amended October 2026) and 15 statute sections from California, Texas and Florida plus the California Massage Therapy Council site, on November 3, 2026. California and Texas statutes were read from Internet Archive captures because the official sites blocked or failed to render for automated access. We excluded Item 19 figures, owner earnings, franchisee names and figures from list sites; aggregate personal care statistics sit in our beauty salon franchise statistics report.
Frequently asked questions
Do you need to be a massage therapist to own a massage franchise?
You do not need a massage therapist license to own one in Texas or Florida, but the staff who perform massage must hold one. Texas lets a massage establishment employ only licensed massage therapists (Occupations Code 455.202(a)), and Florida makes it unlawful to permit an unlicensed employee to practice massage (Statutes 480.047(1)(c)). Both states also license the establishment itself, and Florida screens the owner’s background.
How much does a Massage Envy franchise cost?
Massage Envy’s FDD issued April 29, 2026 puts the total initial investment at $695,870 to $1,046,506 (Item 7). That includes a $45,000 initial franchise fee, $405,000 to $551,000 of leasehold improvements for 2,300 to 2,800 square feet, and $117,000 to $130,000 of additional funds for 3 months. Veterans pay $36,000 for a first unit.
Can a non-doctor own a med spa franchise?
It depends on state law. VIO Med Spa’s April 28, 2025 FDD sells its direct “Spa” franchise only to licensed medical professionals or in states that permit non-licensed owners. Other buyers get a “Spa Management Business” that earns management fees from clinicians who run the practice, and the FDD requires healthcare counsel before signing (Item 7 note 10).
How much does a med spa franchise cost?
VIO Med Spa’s FDD lists $794,261 to $1,231,677 for one location, including the $50,000 franchise fee (Items 5 and 7). Furniture, fixtures and equipment are the largest line at $293,246 to $432,001, ahead of $240,000 to $420,000 for construction on 1,500 to 2,200 square feet. A multi-unit deal runs $867,261 to $1,535,677.
Is a spa franchise profitable?
This site does not publish earnings figures. All four FDDs reviewed here include an Item 19 financial performance representation, so read it in the current filing. Then set it against Item 6 charges, which total 8% to 13.5% of gross sales across these brands, and Item 7 costs, which run from $320,891 to $1,231,677.
Can I buy an existing spa franchise that is for sale?
Yes, with franchisor approval and a transfer fee set in Item 6: 20.00% of the then-current franchise fee at European Wax Center, 50% of the initial fee at Hand and Stone, two thirds of the then-current fee at Massage Envy and $10,000 at VIO Med Spa. Item 20 Table 2 shows how many units changed hands in each state.
Sources
- Massage Envy Franchise Disclosure Document, issued April 29, 2026, ME SPE Franchising, LLC, Minnesota CARDS, accessed 2026-11-03.
- Hand and Stone Massage and Facial Spa Franchise Disclosure Document, issued April 6, 2026, amended October 6, 2026, Minnesota CARDS, accessed 2026-11-03.
- VIO Med Spa Franchise Disclosure Document, issued April 28, 2025, VIO Franchise Group, LLC, Minnesota CARDS, accessed 2026-11-03.
- European Wax Center Franchise Disclosure Document, issued April 23, 2026, EWC Franchisor LLC, Minnesota CARDS, accessed 2026-11-03.
- California Business and Professions Code 2400 (Internet Archive capture of leginfo.legislature.ca.gov), accessed 2026-11-03.
- California Business and Professions Code 2052 (Internet Archive capture), accessed 2026-11-03.
- California Assembly Bill 1504 (2025), as amended July 16, 2025 (Internet Archive capture), accessed 2026-11-03.
- California Massage Therapy Council, home page, accessed 2026-11-03.
- Texas Occupations Code Chapter 455, Massage Therapy (Internet Archive capture of statutes.capitol.texas.gov), accessed 2026-11-03.
- Texas Occupations Code Chapter 151, Section 151.002 (Internet Archive capture), accessed 2026-11-03.
- Texas Occupations Code Chapter 157, Section 157.001 (Internet Archive capture), accessed 2026-11-03.
- Florida Statutes 480.041, 480.043 and 480.047, Florida Senate, accessed 2026-11-03.
- Florida Statutes 400.9905, 400.991 and 400.9935, Florida Senate, accessed 2026-11-03.